- SQL (alone) can do lots of clever things in one expression
- But can only execute a single expression
- Can structure SQL commands into proper programming languages
- Java Database Connection (JDBC)
- javac, then java VM
- COBOL, C or PASCAL
- precompiled with PRO*COBOL or PRO*C
- Procedure Language (PL/SQL)
- Oracle/MySQL procedural language
- Stored procedures can take parameters