- General databases
- Separate Data definition and data
- Catalog/meta-data & tuples
- Data format/structure stored separately
- Program-data independence (e.g. Y2K)
- Changes in data format
- Alter data (tuples)
- Alter grammar (catalog/meta-data)
- We actually split program-data independence into:
- Logical
- Physical
- ...more in a second
In Focus
1.1.12. Program-data independence